Canine parvovirus (also called parvo) in dogs is a very contagious and potentially fatal viral disease seen in dogs. Most commonly, parvovirus causes gastroenteritis or inflammation of the stomach and intestines.
About Parvovirus
Canine parvovirus is contagious and can survive for several months (some experts say as long as two years) in the environment, and it is also resistant to many disinfectants. Infection can occur directly through contact with infected dogs, but it is also spread through indirect contact with contaminated surfaces and objects. It is estimated that parvovirus is fatal in 16 to 48 percent of cases. Consult your vet as soon as possible if your dog shows signs of parvovirus.
Risk Factors
Dogs of any age can get parvo, depending on their vaccination history, but some dogs are more susceptible than others:
- Puppies 6 to 20 weeks old are most susceptible (it takes some time for the vaccination series to become fully protective).
- Unvaccinated dogs.
- Certain breeds are at an increased risk from parvovirus including Rottweilers, American Pit Bull Terriers, Doberman Pinschers, and German Shepherds.
- Dogs under stress or which have other intestinal infections (including worms) or other health problems may be at higher risk.
Signs and Symptoms of Parvovirus
If your dog has the following symptoms, consult your vet. If parvovirus is the cause, early treatment is essential. Common signs of parvovirus include:
Diagnosis of Parvovirus
A tentative diagnosis of parvovirus can be made based on the age, vaccination history, symptoms and physical exam. Confirmation of the diagnosis is through detection of the virus in a fecal sample via a quick test kit. Sometimes other tests such as blood tests are recommended.
Treatment of Parvovirus
Treatment depends on the severity of disease and is aimed at managing symptoms until the virus runs its course. Fluid therapy to combat dehydration is extremely important. Medications are sometimes used to reduce vomiting. Antibiotics may be used to fight secondary bacterial infections, and in very severe cases blood or plasma transfusions may be given. Hospitalization is usually required.
Preventing Parvovirus
Vaccination is the best defense against parvovirus. Your vet will recommend a course of vaccinations suitable for your dog. In puppies, the first vaccine is typically given at about 6-8 weeks of age, and repeated every four weeks until 16-20 weeks of age, with yearly vaccines thereafter.
Until puppies have had their last vaccination, it is prudent to be careful about their exposure to other dogs and places where dogs frequently defecate (e.g., dog parks) to avoid exposure as much as possible.
Because the virus survives for so long, if you have had a dog with parvovirus in your home, you should be careful about introducing a new puppy or unvaccinated dog for at least 6 months (possibly longer). Discuss the risks with your vet.
Home Care and Disinfection
A dog with parvovirus should be isolated from other dogs, especially puppies. An infected dog can shed the virus for three weeks or more after being ill (keep your dog at home during this time to avoid spreading the virus to other dogs).
Parvovirus is resistant to many disinfectants. A solution of one part bleach to 30 parts water is effective, but can only be used on bleach-safe items. Other disinfectants that are labeled as effective against parvovirus can also be used and may be available through your vet. However, because the virus is difficult to completely eliminate (especially in the yard), it is important to follow your vet's advice about bringing a new dog into the home even after careful disinfection.